Zlmiwd新托福写作总结 本文关键词：新托福，写作，Zlmiwd
Zlmiwd新托福写作总结 本文简介：生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。－－泰戈尔新托福写作总结1.认识题目：形式和本质，题库的设计原则和分类以及测试的语言技能articulatecomplexideasclearlyandeffect
Zlmiwd新托福写作总结 本文内容：
生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。
－－泰戈尔
新托福写作总结
1.认识题目：形式和本质，题库的设计原则和分类以及测试的语言技能
articulate
complex
ideas
clearly
and
effectively
examine
claims
and
accompanying
evidence
support
ideas
with
relevant
reasons
and
examples
sustain
a
well-focused,coherent
discussion
control
the
elements
of
standard
written
English
1)陈述问题和现象的语言能力
2)表达观点
3)对观点进行支持，否定，综合评价的语言技能，包括对推理过程和逻辑的分析
4)分析现象存在的原因
5)表达一件事物或事件的利弊和综合影响的多元化思维和表达能力
6)考生观点不作为评判依据，但是提出观点的视角以及分析问题的能力是语言表达的前提基础，所以是训练的重点，也是考试测试的重点
2.理解宗旨；托福写作考试的目的——逻辑和论证
3.写作的评分体系
作文考试的形式
1.阅读+听记+写作
20分钟
字数
150-225
阅读材料为给定的观点加上对观点的支持信息，比如使用事实事例或者逻辑的分析，而听力内容是对阅读材料进行支持或者否定，否定批驳为主，考生需要把握听力中话语人对阅读材料的切入点，以及话语人如何表达怀疑，否定等。作为测试的评分重点在于
1)听力内容所有重点信息的全面与否
2)阅读内容信息和听力内容的相关联
3)语言表达的准确
2.独立写作论文
30分钟
字数最少300单词
独立写作的入手方式（阅读官方指南287页）
1.题目中关键词语的定义予以质疑和分析
2.按照命题给定的二分体系论证
3.总体抽象的入局
4.细节和个性的处理
5.对命题给定的纷争予以具体界定，提出综合多元思维
The
task
allows
considerable
latitude
in
the
way
you
respond
to
the
claim.
Although
it
is
important
that
you
address
the
central
issue,you
are
free
to
take
any
approach
you
wish.
For
example,you
might
1)agree
absolutely
with
the
claim,2)disagree
completely,3)or
agree
with
some
parts
and
not
others
4)question
the
assumptions
the
statement
seems
to
be
making
5)qualify
any
of
its
terms,especially
if
the
way
you
define
or
apply
a
term
is
important
to
developing
your
perspective
on
the
issue
6)point
out
why
the
claim
is
valid
in
some
situations
but
not
in
others
7)evaluate
points
of
view
that
contrast
with
your
own
perspective
8)develop
your
position
with
reasons
that
are
supported
by
several
relevant
examples
or
by
a
single
extended
example
作文的评分体系
官方指南288页阅读，提出要点
1)detailed
discussion
2)unified
3)coherent
4)varied
sentence
structure
5)not
high-level
vocabulary
but
word
choice
is
correct
6)minor
errors
7)the
flow
of
meanings
讲解：
1.300单词（大约15-20句子）的篇章结构布局
2.何谓on-topic
/off-topic
3.句子的衔接技术和艺术
4.句法结构的变化和复杂程度
5.小词的理念
（OG280页173题
借钱和友谊——如何使用高中词汇写出满分作文？）
6.思维的艺术和美的探索
什么是完美的篇章结构布局？
Introduction
导入段落的功能和内容
得分印象形成的关键
常见的错误（现场写作269页第29题：人类活动和地球争论）
应该写什么内容？
多少句子，多少单词？(1-3个句子，字数在30-80左右)
常用的容易掌握的写作开头方式学习：
1)问题
+
观点
2)观点
3)正反观点+选择
4)现象+问题+观点
5)观点+
反驳
6)观点+
支持
main
body
2-4段落
每段字数和句子数量
100-150
单词左右，
大概5-8个句子
段落的节本结构：三层次理论
段落内部的衔接技术
段落的总分结构体系
段落内部的句法转变
词的选择
段落写作学习的方法：
conclusion
1-3个句子
写作训练的基本方法：
1.上我的课
2.
翻译
3.背诵
4.写日记
开头例文：
地球也许并不是为了人类生存才存在并且也许它原本不是今天这个样子的。人类在地球迄今为止上的所有活动无不对地球的健康产生了影响。至于这些影响到底是使地球变得更适于生存还是对地球造成了破坏则是一个永恒无法绝对回答的争议。
The
earth
perhaps
does
not
exist
for
human
beings
to
survive
and
thrive
on
it
and
it
was,surely,not
what
it
is
today.
（24words）
All
human
activities
on
the
earth
have
changed
the
landscape
and
exerted
impacts
on
the
health
of
the
earth.
Have
the
human
activities
harmed
the
earth?
Or
have
the
earth
has
changed
a
better
place
to
live?
The
answers
to
these
questions
will
vary
considerably
as
time
goes
on
and
on.
总计75
words，
如果去掉首句24单词，文章开头依然成立，并且不失分。则构成典型的
（现象+
问题
+
观点）开头风格。
文章中作者的观点非常明确，属于典型的中立写作布局开。
280页173道题目：借钱和友谊的论证
小词的价值
To
borrow
money
from
a
friend
has
little
to
do
with
the
maintenance
of
friendship
because
friendship
depends
less
on
money
than
on
the
love,honesty,and
understanding
between
them.
That
is
to
say
to
borrow
money
will
make
the
friendship
stronger
and
closer
if
they
love
and
understand
each
other.
In
this
case,friendship
will
go
on
and
on
and
on.
However,without
the
love
and
mutual
understanding
friendship
will
be
one
day
gone
with
the
wind.
Therefore
it
is
clear
that
love
and
understanding
is
the
very
basis
(foundation)
of
friendship
which
has
been
(figuratively)
described
as
the
light
on
the
earth
and
the
salt
in
the
world.
Money,on
the
contrary,is
no.
段落内部的衔接分析
下文选自大英百科
Social
resources
are
similarly
an
indispensable
prerequisite
to
a
successful
innovation.
Many
inventions
have
foundered
because
the
social
resources
vital
for
their
realization—the
capital,materials,and
skilled
personnel—were
not
available.
The
notebooks
of
Leonardo
da
Vinci
are
full
of
ideas
for
helicopters,submarines,and
airplanes,but
few
of
these
reached
even
the
model
stage
because
resources
of
one
sort
or
another
were
lacking.
The
resource
of
capital
involves
the
existence
of
surplus
productivity
and
an
organization
capable
of
directing
the
available
wealth
into
channels
in
which
the
inventor
can
use
it.
The
resource
of
materials
involves
the
availability
of
appropriate
metallurgical,ceramic,plastic,or
textile
substances
that
can
perform
whatever
functions
a
new
invention
requires
of
them.
The
resource
of
skilled
personnel
implies
the
presence
of
technicians
capable
of
constructing
new
artifacts
and
devising
novel
processes.
A
society,in
short,has
to
be
well
primed
with
suitable
resources
in
order
to
sustain
technological
innovation
段落的学习：翻译练习
作业
下文选自大英百科
OG273页81题
关于人和技术
The
technological
dilemma
二分法思维训练
on
the
one
hand…on
the
other
hand
正反训练rather
因果关系
and
so…
Whatever
the
responses
to
modern
technology,there
can
be
no
doubt
that
it
presents
contemporary
society
with
a
number
of
immediate
problems
that
take
the
form
of
a
traditional
choice
of
evils,so
that
it
is
appropriate
to
regard
them
as
constituting
a
“technological
dilemma.”
This
is
the
dilemma
between,on
the
one
hand,the
overdependence
of
life
in
the
advanced
industrial
countries
on
technology,and,on
the
other
hand,the
threat
that
technology
will
destroy
the
quality
of
life
in
modern
society
and
even
endanger
society
itself.
Technology
thus
confronts
Western
civilization
with
the
need
to
make
a
decision,or
rather,a
series
of
decisions,about
how
to
use
the
enormous
power
available
to
society
constructively
rather
than
destructively.
The
need
to
control
the
development
of
technology,and
so
to
resolve
the
dilemma,by
regulating
its
application
to
creative
social
objectives,makes
it
ever
more
necessary
to
define
these
objectives
while
the
problems
presented
by
rapid
technological
growth
can
still
be
solved.
总分结构的训练
These
problems,and
the
social
objectives
related
to
them,may
be
considered
under
three
broad
headings.
First
is
the
problem
of
controlling
the
application
of
nuclear
technology.
Second
is
the
population
problem,which
is
twofold:
it
seems
necessary
to
find
ways
of
controlling
the
dramatic
rise
in
the
number
of
human
beings
and,at
the
same
time,to
provide
food
and
care
for
the
people
already
living
on
the
Earth.
Third,there
is
the
ecological
problem,whereby
the
products
and
wastes
of
technical
processes
have
polluted
the
environment
and
disturbed
the
balance
of
natural
forces
of
regeneration.
When
these
basic
problems
have
been
reviewed
it
will
be
possible,finally,to
consider
the
effect
of
technology
on
life
in
town
and
countryside,and
to
determine
the
sort
of
judgments
about
technology
and
society
to
which
a
study
of
the
history
of
technology
leads.
Nuclear
technology
The
solution
to
the
first
problem,that
of
controlling
nuclear
technology,is
primarily
political.
At
its
root
is
the
anarchy
of
national
self-government,for
as
long
as
the
world
remains
divided
into
a
multiplicity
of
nation-states,or
even
into
two
power
blocs,each
committed
to
the
defense
of
its
own
sovereign
power
to
do
what
it
chooses,nuclear
weapons
merely
replace
the
older
weapons
by
which
such
nation-states
have
maintained
their
independence
in
the
past.
The
availability
of
a
nuclear
armoury
has
emphasized
the
weaknesses
of
a
world
political
system
based
upon
sovereign
nation-states.
Here,as
elsewhere,technology
is
a
tool
that
can
be
used
creatively
or
destructively.
But
the
manner
of
its
use
depends
entirely
on
human
decisions,and
in
this
matter
of
nuclear
self-control
the
decisions
are
those
of
governments.
There
are
other
aspects
of
the
problem
of
nuclear
technology,such
as
the
disposal
of
radioactive
waste
and
the
quest
to
harness
the
energy
released
by
fusion,but
although
these
are
important
issues
in
their
own
right,they
are
subordinate
to
the
problem
of
the
use
of
nuclear
weapons
in
warfare.
Population
explosion
Assuming
that
the
use
of
nuclear
weapons
can
be
averted,world
civilization
will
have
to
come
to
grips
with
the
population
problem
in
the
next
few
decades
if
life
is
to
be
tolerable
on
planet
Earth
in
the
21st
century.
The
problem
can
be
tackled
in
two
ways,both
drawing
on
the
resources
of
modern
technology.
In
the
first
place,efforts
may
be
made
to
limit
the
rate
of
population
increase.
Medical
technology,which,through
new
drugs
and
other
techniques,has
provided
a
powerful
impulse
to
the
increase
of
population,also
offers
means
of
controlling
this
increase
through
contraceptive
devices
and
through
painless
sterilization
procedures.
Again,technology
is
a
tool
that
is
neutral
in
respect
to
moral
issues
about
its
own
use,but
it
would
be
futile
to
deny
that
artificial
population
control
is
inhibited
by
powerful
moral
constraints
and
taboos.
Some
reconciliation
of
these
conflicts
is
essential,however,if
stability
in
world
population
is
to
be
satisfactorily
achieved.
Perhaps
the
experience
of
China,already
responsible
for
one-quarter
of
the
world
s
population,is
instructive
here:
in
an
attempt
to
prevent
the
population
growth
from
exceeding
the
ability
of
the
country
to
sustain
the
existing
standards
of
living,the
government
imposed
a
“one-child
family”
campaign
in
the
1970s,which
is
maintained
by
draconian
social
controls.
In
the
second
place,even
the
most
optimistic
program
of
population
control
can
hope
to
achieve
only
a
slight
reduction
in
the
rate
of
increase
by
the
end
of
the
20th
century,so
that
an
alternative
approach
must
be
made
simultaneously
in
the
shape
of
an
effort
to
increase
the
world
s
production
of
food.
Technology
has
much
to
contribute
at
this
point,both
in
raising
the
productivity
of
existing
sources
of
food
supply
by
improved
techniques
of
agriculture
and
better
types
of
grain
and
animal
stock,and
in
creating
new
sources
of
food
by
making
the
deserts
fertile
and
by
systematically
farming
the
riches
of
the
oceans.
There
is
enough
work
here
to
keep
engineers
and
food
technologists
busy
for
many
generations.
Ecological
balance
The
third
major
problem
area
of
modern
technological
society
is
that
of
preserving
a
healthy
environmental
balance.
Though
man
has
been
damaging
his
environment
for
centuries
by
overcutting
trees
and
farming
too
intensively,and
though
some
protective
measures,such
as
the
establishment
of
national
forests
and
wildlife
sanctuaries,were
taken
decades
ago,great
increases
in
population
and
in
the
intensity
of
industrialization
are
promoting
a
worldwide
ecological
crisis.
This
includes
the
dangers
involved
in
destruction
of
the
equatorial
rain
forests,the
careless
exploitation
of
minerals
by
open-mining
techniques,and
the
pollution
of
the
oceans
by
radioactive
waste
and
of
the
atmosphere
by
combustion
products.
These
include
oxides
of
sulfur
and
nitrogen,which
produce
acid
rain,and
carbon
dioxide,which
may
affect
the
world
s
climate
through
the
so-called
greenhouse
effect.
It
was
the
danger
of
indiscriminate
use
of
pesticides
such
as
DDT
after
World
War
II
that
first
alerted
opinion
in
advanced
Western
countries
to
the
delicate
nature
of
the
world
s
ecological
system,presented
in
a
trenchant
polemic
by
the
U.S.
science
writer
Rachel
Carson
in
her
book
Silent
Spring
(1962);
this
was
followed
by
a
spate
of
warnings
about
other
possibilities
of
ecological
disaster.
The
great
public
concern
about
pollution
in
the
advanced
nations
is
both
overdue
and
welcome.
Once
more,however,it
needs
to
be
said
that
the
fault
for
this
waste-making
abuse
of
technology
lies
with
man
himself
rather
than
with
the
tools
he
uses.
For
all
his
intelligence,man
in
communities
behaves
with
a
lack
of
respect
for
his
environment
that
is
both
short-sighted
and
potentially
suicidal.
Technological
society
Much
of
the
19th-century
optimism
about
the
progress
of
technology
has
dispersed,and
an
increasing
awareness
of
the
technological
dilemma
confronting
the
world
makes
it
possible
to
offer
a
realistic
assessment
of
the
role
of
technology
in
shaping
society
at
the
end
of
the
20th
century.
Interactions
between
society
and
technology
In
the
first
place,it
can
be
clearly
recognized
that
the
relationship
between
technology
and
society
is
complex.
Any
technological
stimulus
can
trigger
a
variety
of
social
responses,depending
on
such
unpredictable
variables
as
differences
between
human
personalities;
similarly,no
specific
social
situation
can
be
relied
upon
to
produce
a
determinable
technological
response.
Any
“theory
of
invention,”
therefore,must
remain
extremely
tentative,and
any
notion
of
a
“philosophy”
of
the
history
of
technology
must
allow
for
a
wide
range
of
possible
interpretations.
A
major
lesson
of
the
history
of
technology,indeed,is
that
it
has
no
precise
predictive
value.
It
is
frequently
possible
to
see
in
retrospect
when
one
particular
artifact
or
process
had
reached
obsolescence
while
another
promised
to
be
a
highly
successful
innovation,but
at
the
time
such
historical
hindsight
is
not
available
and
the
course
of
events
is
indeterminable.
In
short,the
complexity
of
human
society
is
never
capable
of
resolution
into
a
simple
identification
of
causes
and
effects
driving
historical
development
in
one
direction
rather
than
another,and
any
attempt
to
identify
technology
as
an
agent
of
such
a
process
is
unacceptable.
篇2：托福历年词汇题总结
托福历年词汇题总结 本文关键词：托福，历年，词汇
托福历年词汇题总结 本文简介：历年词汇题总结Inaccessible难以接近的：unreachableExtracting提取，提炼：removingStrength基础：basisSurging激增，迅速上升：acceleratingTrend倾向，趋势：tendencyPeak最高点，最高峰：maximumPriorto在前
托福历年词汇题总结 本文内容：
历年词汇题总结
Inaccessible
难以接近的：unreachable
Extracting
提取，提炼：removing
Strength
基础：basis
Surging
激增，迅速上升：accelerating
Trend
倾向，趋势：tendency
Peak
最高点，最高峰：maximum
Prior
to
在前，局先：preceding
Advocates
提倡者，赞成者：proponents
Unsubstantiated
无确实根据的，未经证实的：unverified
Maintain
维持：preserve
Considerable
极其，相当，大量：substantial
Enactment
制定，执行：performance
Staggering
令人惊愕的：overwhelming
Devastated
毁坏：ruined
Demonstrate
证明，示威：showed
Extend
延伸，扩展：stretch
Vast
巨大的，辽阔的：large
Sparked
发动，鼓舞：brought
about
Potential
潜在的，可能的：possible
Outstanding
突出的，显著的：excellent
Account
for
解释，说明：explain
Picking
up
沿着：following
A
supremacy至高，霸权：a
dominance
Supplanted代替：replaced
Myriad无数:many
Supreme最高的：most
outstanding
Settle解决，决定：decide
Ascending
上升，攀登：climbing
Solemn
严肃的：serious
Composed创作，作曲：created
Scores
乐谱：music
composition
Comprises
包含，由，构成：consists
of
Intense
剧烈的：extreme
Margins
空白：edges
Support
支撑：hold
Appreciation
感激，评价，欣赏：recognition
Bias
偏见：prejudice
Prevailing
流行的：most
frequent
Accumulated
积聚，堆积：collected
Related
有关系得：connected
Supported
支撑：upheld
Forward-looking
向前看的：progressive
进步的
Rudimentary
不发达的，未发展的：undeveloped
Sole
唯一的：only
Subsidizes
资助：finance
Rotates
旋转：alternates
Implements
玩具：tools
Clues
线索：information
Hemispheres
半球：sides
Subject
to
遭受：susceptible
to
Puncture
刺穿：pierce
Dramatic
戏剧性的，显著的：striking
Characterized
不同，区别于其他：distinguished
Bizarre
古怪的：odd
Casts
off
抛弃：gets
rid
of
Homogeneous
一致的，同一的：uniform
Largely
renounces
基本上拒绝：generally
rejects
Prevail
流行，支配控制：dominates
Subtle
轻微的，精细的：slight
Compile
收集，积累：put
together
Raw
未加工的，为处理的：unprocessed
Prospect
前景，可能性：possibility
Roughly
大约地：approximately
Magnify
增加，扩大：increase
Distinction
不同，区别：differences
Fused
结合：combined
Lure
吸引：attract
Placed
放置：deposited
Discrete
分泌：separate
Overtaxed
负担沉重的：heavily
burdened
Inadequate
不充足的：deficient
Inevitable
不可避免地：unavoidably
Lamented
不满，抱怨：complaint
about
First
rank
最高水平：highest
quality
Faded
from
消失于：disappeared
from
Novel
创新的，新颖的：innovative
Stationary
固定的：fixed
Vessel
船只：craft
Smothering
窒息的：eliminatedsulfured
硫的
helium
氦
methane
甲烷
amino
acid
氨基酸
periodical
期刊
frontier
边疆
individualism
个人主义
continental（plate）
drift
大陆漂移
granite
花岗岩
social
contract
社会契约
sentimental
style
情感方式（本善，本恶）
goodness
nature
&
evil
nature
善与恶,恶性是受influence和lure造成的
pottery
陶土
poetry
诗
basketry
竹篮
part
time
兼职
Doldrums
赤道无风带
horizontal
水平的
imitation
赝品
weather
aging
风化年代
Weaver织布机
Navajo
纳瓦获人
loom
织布机
innovation
革新
subdue
color温色
barter易货
blanket（毛毯）
Invasive侵入的
field
house
储藏室
astrobiology
天文生物学
laptop
笔记本电脑
implicit
memory含蓄的记忆（内显记忆）
explicit
memory
外显记忆
maple
tree
枫树
sap
树液
patent
专利
wallpaper墙纸
rock
stratum
岩层
Signal
transduction
信号传导
spectrum
光谱
pit
organ
蛇的陷器官
dim
sighted
昏花
nomadic
tribe
游牧民族
Mercenary
雇佣兵
well井
shaft
轴
bill账单
rent
bill房租账单
account
账单
insulation
隔离
respiratory
structure
呼吸结构
mentor导师
resilient
恢复力强的
frustration
挫折
perspective
透视，展望，有希望的
Dictates
决定
determines
Witnessed
看到
observed
A
break
with
分开
a
departure
from
Conserve
维持，保留
retain
Magnified
加强，加剧
intensified
Forage
觅食
feed
Counteracted
否定，抵消
negated
In
season
应季
a
particular
time
of
year
Fixture
寻常物品
commonplace
object
Nevertheless
但是
however
Rotates
转动，改变
turns
Readily
容易地，欣然地
easily
Constituting
组成
making
up
Pits
洞，坑
holes
Disputes
争论
arguments
Unrestricted
不受限制的
unlimited
Snap
折断
break
Fed
吃/放入
put
Exposed
to
易受影响的，受支配
subjected
to
Exert
引起，导致
cause
Diffuses
穿过，扩散
travels
Rapture
破裂
burst
Miniscule
微小的
tiny
Enables
使能够
allows
Aesthetically
美学的，艺术的
artistically
Refreshing
非同寻常的，耳目一新的
unusual
Devote
奉献
dedicate
Bound
系，绑
tied
Assembling
聚集
gathering
Adorned
装修
decorated
Attire
服装
clothing
Unravel
揭露
discover
Mundane
平凡的
ordinary
Gap
空隙
opening
Discards
抛弃
gets
rid
of
Deft
灵巧的
skilled
Robust
强壮的
strong
Heralded
宣布
announced
Position
职位
job
Major
主要的
principal
Symmetrical
比例平衡的，对称的
proportionally
balanced
Obvious
明显的
apparent
Dominated
占支配地位的
were
prevalent
in
Monopolized
垄断
dominated
Factions
部分
sides
Flattering
赞美
complimentary
Disseminated
分散
spread
Accelerated
加速
increased
Given
way
to
替代
been
replaced
by
Reliance
依赖
dependence
Picture
想象
imagine
Emit
发出
give
off
Glowing
发光的
shining
Influx
流入，到达
arrival
Extraordinary
异常的
exceptional
Era
时代
period
of
time
Intriguing
吸引人的
attractive
Conclusive
总结性的
definitive
Preoccupation
卷入involvement
Primary
基本的fundamental
Entire
整个whole
Bring
about
引起
cause
Temping
吸引人的
attractive
Reckless
不负责任的
irresponsible
Concomitant
with
同时发生的，与之伴随的
in
conjunction
with
Skyrocketing
迅速上升
increasing
rapidly
Extolling
高度赞扬praising
Roughly
大约harshly
Reaped
获得gained
Interchangeable
互换的，等同于
equivalent
Classified
分类
categorized
Incinerated
itself
燃烧
burn
up
Securing
获得
acquiring
Implications
意义
significant
Hinterland
腹地，内地贸易区
region
Persisted
坚持，持续
continued
Undergoing
经历，遭受
experiencing
Suspend
悬挂，延迟
hang
Fatal
致命的
deadly
Secure
安全的
safe
Sorted
out
分类，挑练
separated
Dampened
使潮湿
moistened
Fine
细微的
tiny
Derived
起源，得自
obtained
Drastically
激烈的，彻底的severely
Coincided
with
一致，符合
happened
at
the
same
time
Supplement
补充
add
to
Contemporary
当代的，同时代的
written
at
the
same
time
Prized
珍视
valued
Overtaken
超越，胜出surpassed
Intervals
间隔
periods
Freeing
解除
releasing
Plunge
投入，跳进
drop
Tangled缠结的，紊乱的
twisted
together
Concealed
隐藏
covered
Avail
themselves
利用
make
use
Accordingly
因此for
that
reason
Crucial至关重要的
important
Ponderous
笨重的heavy
Attained
达到，获得achieved
Abundant
丰富的，充裕的plentiful
Peculiar
独特的，奇异的strange
Meticulously小心翼翼的
carefully
Durability
经久，耐久力endurance
Incised雕刻的carved
Consumed消耗，吃eaten
Innovative
创新的
new
Extract
提取，提炼remove
Scorched烧焦burned
Consequence
结果result
Exceed超越，胜出go
beyond
Generated
产生
cause
Norm
标准
standard
Henceforth
今后
from
that
time
on
Mandated委托统治的recommended
Immutable
不可变的unchangeable
Revered
尊敬
respected
Consist
一致的，协调的constant
Intent
目的，意向
goal
Administered
管理
managed
Periphery
外围
outer
edge
Inception
起初beginning
Fabricating
构成，虚构constructing
Resort
to
采取using
Ingenuity
机灵，灵巧resourcefulness
Functional
有功能的，有用的usable
Significant
有意义的meaningful
Attained
获得reached
Flamed
燃烧burned
Encompass包围，环绕
include
Came
to
the
forefront
来到最前线/变得很重要
became
important
Hinged
on
依赖
depended
on
Lured
引诱attracted
Expendable消费品，可以牺牲的
nonessential
Notwithstanding
尽管despite
Intricate
错综复杂的complex
Random
任意的unpredictable
Optimal
最佳的，最理想的best
Urged
催促encouraged
Carried
on
继续
continued
Diverse
不同的varied
Ensures确保
guarantees
Suitable
合适的，适宜的appropriately
Scares
稀有rare
Resemble
类似look
like
Coarse
粗糙的crude
Brittle易碎的，脆弱的
easily
broken
Appreciated赏识，意识到
recognized
Merely
仅仅only
Emitting
发出producing
Spanning
跨越
cover
Pursue
追赶catch
Altogether
完全的completely
Intensive
集中的，透彻的concentrated
Prevailed
流行，盛行dominated
Depicted
描述described
Foremost
首要的
leading
Meteoric流星的，迅速的
rapid
Apace
with
快速的，急速的as
fast
as
Wider
宽广的more
extensive
Thereby
因此，在那方面by
that
means
Unique
唯一的，独特的singular
Rotting
腐烂的decaying
Key
关键的important
Converted修改
changed
Antecedent
先行的的，先辈predecessor
Appealing吸引人的
attractive
Local
场所place
Boosted推进
raised
Scope
范围extent
Prolific多产的，丰富的
productive
Eager
热心的，渴望的enthusiastic
Engaged使用，雇佣
hire
Subsequent后来的
later
Sums
总数amounts
Identical同样的
exactly
alike
Graphic生动的，鲜明的
vivid
Undoubtedly
毫无疑问的certainly
Components
组成部分parts
Besides
除此之外in
addition
to
Flourished繁荣，昌盛
thrived
Grumbled
抱怨，牢骚complained
Serve服务，适合
function
Sole
唯一的only
Detecting
发现finding
Sedentary久坐的，不活动的
inactive
Subjected
受影响的exposed
Essence
本质，精华basic
nature
Diverse
不同的different
Noted
注意到
observed
Emphasize
强调stress
Accessible易接近的，可靠近的available
Account
for
解释，说明explain
Smooth
operation
顺利进行
effective
functioning
Cluster
成群
group
Alert
警惕
ware
Scurrying
急跑，匆忙走rushing
Formidable
艰难地，令人敬畏的difficult
Intent
目的，意向
purpose
Regardless
of
不管，不顾no
matter
what
Marked
显著地noticeable
Confine
限制
restrict
Presumably
推测，大概
probably
Sustain
支撑，持续
support
Insignificant
无关紧要的unimportant
Ultimately
最后，最终
eventually
Demise
死亡
death
Convert
转变
change
Primarily
主要地，根本上
chiefly
Prevailing
流行的dominant
Undergone
经历
experienced
Vast
巨大的
great
Precarious
不稳定的
uncertain
Settled
固定的
stable
Chronicle
记载，记录，编年史
describe
Ornate
装饰的，华丽的
elaborate
Derived
from
起源
based
on
Various
不同的，多样的different
Account
for
解释
explain
Subjugated
征服
conquered
Synonymous
with
同义的
equivalent
to
Excavating
挖掘
digging
Agents
动因，代理人
causes
Aided
帮助的
helped
Estimated
评估
judged
Pry
off
翘起
remove
Littered
杂乱堆满，乱丢
covered
Preserved
保持，保存
protected
from
destruction
Constant
持续的，一致的
consistent
Attained
达到，获得
achieved
Resumed
再继续，重新开始
began
again
Attests
to
证明
give
evidence
of
Drab
单调的
dull
Prominent
显著的，突出的
noticeable
Yet
仍，至今
so
far
Rudimentary
根本的，未发展的
basic
Biting
尖锐的
sharp
Heightened
提高，提升
increased
Meticulous
小心翼翼的
careful
Accumulated
积聚，积累
built
up
Tantamount
to
与……相等的
practically
the
same
as
Remarkable
非凡的，显著的
extraordinary
Link
连结，联合
connectionSurge
汹涌，激增
sharp
increase
Unprecedented
空前的，前所未闻的
not
seen
before
Obscure
模糊的，朦胧的
unclear
Display
陈列展示
exhibit
Load
负荷，重担
weight
Precise
精确的
accurate
Exercise
训练，使用
utilize
Elicit
得出，引出
bring
out
Probe
探查
explore
Prolific
多产的，丰富的
fruitful
Ideal
理想的perfect
Standard
标准
customary
Strain
疲劳，紧张
stress
Accordingly
因此，从而
consequently
Teeming
with
充满了，丰富的
full
of
Resemble
类似，模仿
appear
similar
to
Postulated
假定，假设
suggested
Depended
依靠
relied
Subscribed
订阅，赞成
agreed
with
Stunning
极好的
impressive
感人的，印象深刻的
Spawn
产生，制造
create
Partitioning
分割，划分
division
Enhances
增强，提高
increased
Transition
转换，过渡
change
Ignited
点燃
set
on
fire
Evolution
发展，演化
development
Momentarily
即刻
briefly
Depict
描述
represent
Advent
出现，到来
arrival
Affront
侮辱，冒犯
insult
Intriguing
迷人的
fascinating
Endless
无止境的
continuous连续的
Adequate
充分的，足够的
sufficient
Rather
than
胜于
instead
of
而不是
Forage
觅食
search
for
food
Intermittently
间歇地periodically周期性的
Furnish
供应，提供
provide
Oscillating
震荡，摇摆
swinging
Ultimately
最终
in
the
end
Compelling
强迫地，又说服力的
forceful
Exceptional
异常地，意外地
remarkable
不平常地，显著地
Enhancement
增加/进
improvement
Revitalize
新生
bring
new
life
to
Executing
执行，制造
producing
Allay
减轻，减少
reduce
Permeated
弥漫，渗透
spread
through
Testimony
to
证词/明evidence
of
Hardiest
坚硬
most
vigorous
Framework
框架，结构
structure
Prolonged
延长的extended
Encounter
遭遇
meet
Fortuitous
偶然的，幸运的lucky
Thwarted
阻挠，挫败
frustrated失败的，落空的
Scattered
分散的irregularly
distributed
By
virtue
of
由于
because
of
Circumscribed
限制
restricted
Indeterminate
不确定的uncertain
Enveloped
包围着
surrounded
环绕地
Gradually
逐渐地
by
degrees
At
any
rate
无论如何
regardless
不管
篇3：托福单词备考高分规律总结
托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文关键词：备考，托福，高分，单词，规律
托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文简介：智课网TOEFL备考资料托福单词备考高分规律总结出国英语考试有哪些雅思6.5是什么水平雅思阅读评分标准托福阅读评分标准雅思和托福的区别去年，一段关于单词学习的歌曲改编在网上疯传：“因为单词不会轻易背上，所以英语还是初中的模样;因为词汇量基本不生长，喝两瓶啤酒就能全部忘光;因为单词总是背完就忘，我曾怀
托福单词备考高分规律总结 本文内容：
智课网TOEFL备考资料
托福单词备考高分规律总结
出国英语考试有哪些
雅思6.5是什么水平
雅思阅读评分标准
托福阅读评分标准
雅思和托福的区别
去年，一段关于单词学习的歌曲改编在网上疯传：“因为单词不会轻易背上，所以英语还是初中的模样;因为词汇量基本不生长，喝两瓶啤酒就能全部忘光;因为单词总是背完就忘，我曾怀疑我脑袋里装的豆浆。”对于准备托福考试的同学来说，8000词汇是一个巨大的挑战。很多人望而却步，很多人溜进词海，拼命挣扎，苦不堪言!记单词的悲催，也有诗为证：“举头望明月，低头背单词;少壮不努力，老大背单词;洛阳亲友如相问，就说我在背单词。”我们耗时耗力，单词仍然记不住、忘得快，究竟原因何在?
爱因斯坦有言：“我坚信上帝是不掷骰子的”
(I
am
convinced
that
God
does
not
play
dice).
任何事物的形成，背后都有一套隐形的规律。英语词汇也不例外。如果对词汇的构成规律置若罔闻，那么单词就是一堆无意义的字母组合，记起来一定难于上青天。为了助力大家摆脱单词记忆的囧途，笔者提供以下规律总结。
一、词根词缀，事半功倍。
词根词缀法是英语单词的主要构造方法，70%的英语单词都是按照词根词缀法创造出来的。两百年前，英国著名作家和政治家切斯特菲尔德伯爵(
Lord
Chesterfield)
就指出：学习一门语言文字，最短最佳的途径是掌握它的词根，亦即那些其他单词借以形成的原生词。(The
shortest
and
best
way
of
learning
a
language
is
to
know
the
roots
of
it,that
is
the
original,primitive
words
of
which
other
words
are
formed.)
打开词汇宝库的第一把钥匙正是词根!
大家请看下面一组英文单词：
spectrum
inspect
suspect
aspect
prospect
retrospect
spectator
spectacles
spectacular
perspective
以上十个单词都含有spect这个成分，它的含义是“看”。在以上单词中spect就是词根，相当于汉语中的目字旁。原来英语里面也有偏旁、部首!词根词缀是最科学最有效的记忆方法。汉字里的偏旁部首数量有限，英文词根常用的也就几十个。目前市面上的托福单词书籍基本都涉及到词根词缀，大家一定要合理利用，加快记忆的步伐。
二、合理联想、不同凡响。
(1)拆词品鉴、其义自现。汉字中有会意字，如“解”字。刀、牛、角，把刀放在牛角后就是宰牛、解剖、分解，词义豁然。再比如：休、从、众、森、明，等等。
下面我们来看一组英语单词，体会一下其中“会意”的感觉:
devastate
de
+
vast
+
ate
摧毁
excavate
ex
+
cave
+
ate
挖掘
consolidate
con
+
solid
+
ate
合并、巩固
coordinate
co
+
ordin
+
ate
协调
subordinate
sub
+
ordin
+
ate
使服从
这组词均为托福高频词，姑且称为“ate”系列。ate经常充当动词后缀，表使动。de-表示“变坏”;vast广阔的;ate表使动→让广阔的地区变坏，不就是“摧毁”么!以此类推：ex-出来;cave洞;ate表使动→使某物从洞里出来，不是“挖掘”是什么!接着“会意”：con-
共、同;solid
坚固的;ate表使动→合并、巩固。co-共、同;ordin=order;
ate表使动→协调。sub-在下面;ordin=order;
ate表使动→使服从。
上面几个单词，词义等于各部分词义之和。但是，有些按拆词法记忆的词，是根据中文意思来联想的。比如，dismay“使沮丧”。dis-不;may可能;连一丝可能都没有，怎不沮丧!有时，一群单词汇总在一起，拆解的方式是一致的，比如：
stable
swell
smother
stale
scold
slight
slaughter
swing
scar
spark
以上十个单词，我称为“S系列”。它们均由S加上一个我们十分熟悉的单词构成。结合词义，稍加联想，这些词就会跃然纸上。S联想成“死”。stable:
死桌子蛮稳→“稳定的”;swell:
井里冒出个死人→“膨胀”;smother：老妈没了，让人→“窒息”;stale：死去的传说→“陈腐的”……当然，这种联想有点无厘头，但是鉴于托福词汇的数量和难度，背单词就该不择手段。
(2)近形对照、
一箭双雕。英文中有很多长相类似且含义有关联的单词。比如，fild
-
yild;
accelerate
–
decelerate;
attach
–
detach;
converge
–
diverge;
deep
–
seep.
这些词不放在一起记本身就是一种损失。类似的词大家要勤于收集，也要举一反三，敢于联想。
三、学科词汇、尽显智慧。
托福考试学术性很强，尤其在听力和阅读考试中大家会碰到很多学术场景。天文、地理、地质、生物、艺术史这些是最为高频的话题。要想听懂看懂相关的讲座和文章没有相关的词汇积累无异于痴人说梦。好在，很多托福词汇书都加入了主题词这一部分。比如，智课教育引入的《新托福词汇密码》就对托福考试经常出现的33个主题词汇做了收集。
不过，在记忆这些学科词的过程中大家要把握词汇的内在逻辑。比如，在地质学中，地质构造相关的crust地壳，mantle地幔，magma
岩浆，lava
熔岩等应该归为一类。地质活动相关的converge汇集，diverge分离，erosion侵蚀，terrain地形，landscape地貌等应归为一类。把握了主题词汇的内在逻辑才能将零散的词串成一条线，这对加深记忆是非常有益的。
当然，完全脱离语境记忆主题词也是不可取的。新学习的主题词一定要到具体的学科讲座和文章中去复习和强化。比如，智课教育引入的《新托福阅读金牌教程》中就有分主题训练。里面的文章均按生物、天文等话题分类收集。大家在学完一个科目的主题词后，可以找到两篇相关话题的文章，在具体语境中印证、检测和强化所学单词。这种方式就比单纯的重复要有成就感得多。
四、词汇练习、宝典秘籍。
学习词汇和学游泳、乒乓球一样，如果只记不练就不可能彻底掌握。很多同学都忽略了词汇练习这个环节导致背诵的效果大打折扣。所谓拳不离手曲不离口，TPO中的所有词汇题大家必须在考前通做一遍，并重点收集生词和易错词。此外，《新托福阅读金牌教程》中也有很多难得的词汇题目。《新托福听力真经2》当中更是设计了很多针对性极强的词汇练习，应该是作者呕心沥血之作，希望大家一定好好利用。
最后想强调一下，英语单词并没有真正意义上的速成。敢于挑战托福考试的同学们都应该摒弃速餐文化对我们心态的影响。“不积跬步，无以致千里;不积小流，无以成江海。”我们要在掌握规律的同时，坚持稳打稳扎的心态，最终攻克托福词汇!